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1st Year Physics Notes Chapter 1
Q. How are we able to classify the examination of nature? What is physics?
Answer The examination of nature can be categorized into branches
1. organic Science
The technological know-how of Living matters is referred to as Biological technological know-how
2. Physical Science
The technological know-how of non-residing matters is referred to as Physical technological know-how Physics:
Physics is the department of technological know-how worried with the houses of depending and electricity and the connection among them
In different words, physics is the examination of ways items behave.
Physics is a vital and fundamental part of bodily technological know-how It is the experimental technological know-how
Q.2. Describe the primary frontiers of essential technological know-how. Describe a few new branches of physics
Answer There are 3 primary frontiers of essential technological know-how
1) The global of extraordinarily large (e universe).
2 The global of the extraordinarily small (i e debris together with electrons, protons, neutrons, mesons, and others)
3) The global of middle-sized matters from molecules at one excessive to the Earth at the alternative is the arena of complicated depend.
By the cease of the nineteenth century, many physicists began out believing that the whole thing approximately physics has been located however, at approximately the start of the 20 century many new experimental statistics discovered that the legal guidelines formulated via way of means of the preceding investigations want a modification
1. Nuclear physics
The department of physics that offers atomic nuclei are referred to as nuclear Physics
2. Particle physics
The department of Physics that is worried about final debris of which depend on consists is referred to as particle Physics
3. Relativistic Mechanics
The department of physics that offers with velocities aching that of mild are referred to as relativistic mechanics
4. Solid State Physics
The department of Physics that is worried about the shape and houses of solids is referred to as the sound kingdom Physics
Other Branch of Physics
Physics is maximum essential in all sciences and presents different branches of technological know-how fundamental standards and essential regulation The overlapping of bodily and different fields gave start to new branches
5. Astrophysics
The department of Physics worried with bodily and chemical houses, origin, and evolution of the
6. Biophysics
The department of physics offers the medical examination of organic approaches in phrases of the regulation of Physics For instance Echolocation in bats and Stresses and traces in skeletal and muscular systems
7. Aerodynamics
The department of physics that offers the examine of the motion of air and different gases encompass the examination of the interplay of air with transferring items together with airplanes and of the consequences of transferring air on desk-bound items together with buildings
8. Cosmology
The department of physics which offers the conduct of the fabric universe in its entirety is one in every of the widest topics withinside the spectrum of Physics
nine.
Physical Chemistry
The department of chemistry is worried about the bodily shape of chemical compounds. the quantity of electricity they have, the manner they react with different compounds, and the bonds that keep their atoms collectively
10. Physical Oceanography
It is the examination of bodily situations and bodily approaches in the ocean, particularly the emotions and bodily houses of ocean waves
eleven.
Medical Physics
It is the utility of physics to a medicinal drug I normally subject physics as carried out to clinical imaging and radiotherapy
12. Geophysics
It is the physics of the Earth and its surroundings in area Its topics encompass the form of the Earth its gravitational and magnetic fields, the dynamics of the Earth as a whole, and of its parts. the Earth's inner shape composition and tectonics, the technology of magmas volcanism and rock formation, the hydrological cycle which includes snow and ice, all factors of the oceans, the atmosphere. ionosphere, magnetosphere, and sun-terrestrial members of the family and analogous troubles related to the moon and different planets
13. Engineering Physics (EP)
It is an educational diploma to be had especially a the tiers of B.Tech, B.Sc. MSc and Ph.D. Unlike different engineering degrees (together with aerospace engineering or electric engineering) EP does now no longer always encompass a specific department of technological know-how or Physics Instead EP presents a greater thorough grounding is carried out Physics of any region selected via way of means of the student (together with optics nanotechnology microfabrication, mechanical engineering electrical engineering manipulate concept aerodynamics electricity or strong-kingdom Physics
14. Plasma
A plasma s a fuel line wherein a vital fraction of the atoms is ionized so that the electronics and sixteen. ions are one after the other unfastened in Physics and chemistry, plasma is a kingdom of depending just like fuel line wherein a positive part of the debris are ionized The fundamental premise is that heating a fuel line dissociates its molecular bonds, rendering it into its parts debris superb ions and terrible electrons
The presence of a non-negligible range of fee companies makes the plasma electric conductivity to that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields Plasma, therefore, has houses pretty in contrast to the ones of solids, liquids, or gases and is taken into consideration an awesome kingdom of depending Like fuel online plasma does now no longer have a precise form or a precise extent except enclosed in a box-like fuel line below the have an effect on of a magnetic discipline it can shape systems together with filaments beams and double layers Some, not unusual place plasma are stars and neon
15. Magneto Hydrodynamics (MHD)
Magneto fluid dynamics or hydromagnetic is the department of physics that research the dynamics of electrically accomplishing fluids
Examples of such fluids encompass plasma liquid metals, and saltwater The phrase magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) is derived from magneto - which means magnetic discipline and hydro-which means liquid and dynamics which means motion The concept of MHD is that magnetic fields can set off currents in a transferring conductive fluid, which create forces at the fluid, and additionally alternate the magnetic discipline itself sixteen. Space Physics
It is likewise called area plasma physics It is the examination of plasmas as they arise clearly withinside the universe As sucht incorporates a far-ranging range of topics. which include the sun, sun wind planetary magnetosphere, ionospheres auroras, cosmic rays, and synchrotron radiation Space Physics is an essential part of the examination of area climate and has vital implications now no longer simplest to information the universe however additionally to exercise regular life, which include the working of communications and climate satellites
Space Physics is specific from different fields of astrophysics that examine the comparable phenomenon in that Space Physics makes use of measurements from excessive altitude rockets and spacecraft
17. Superfluidity
It is a kingdom of dependence wherein the problem behaves like a fluid without viscosity and with endless thermal conductivity The substance which looks as if a liquid, will go with the drift uncontrollably, and will also be on an equal temperature in the course of itself.
Superfluidity is the frictionless go with the drift and different exclusive conduct determined in liquid he hums at temperatures close to absolute 0 (-273 15°C or -459 67"F), and (much less extensively used) comparable functionless conduct of electrons in a superconducting strong
18. Superconductivity.
It is an electrical resistance of precisely 0 which happens in positive substances beneath neath feature temperature vulnerable interplay and gravitation.
Electromagnetism is the pressure that reasons the interplay among electrically charged debris the regions wherein this occurs are referred to as electromagnetic fields Electromagnetism is likewise the pressure that holds electrons and protons collectively interior atoms which might be the constructing blocks of molecules This governs the approaches worried in chemistry which rise up from interactions among the interior of the electron and among atoms
Q.3. What are bodily portions? Discuss its different sorts and degree the bottom portions.
Physical Quantities
All the ones portions in phrases of which regulation of physics may be defined are referred to as bodily portions Types of Physical Quantities
Physical portions are divided into.
- i) Base Quantities
- ii) Derived Quantities
Base Quantities
The minimal range of these bodily portions in phrases of which different bodily portions may be described is referred to as base portions
Example: duration, ass time, etc
Derived Quantities
Physical portions whose definitions are primarily based totally on different bodily portions are referred to as derived portions
Example: pace acceleration momentum pressure etc
Measurement of Base Quantities The size of base portions includes steps
zero The desire of general
(n) The technique for evaluating the amount to be measured with general Properties of an Ideal Standard
The best general has the most important characteristics
It is accessible
(i) It is invariable
These necessities are frequently incompatible and compromise must be made among them zero.4. What is the worldwide gadget of devices Discuss the devices upon which it's far constructed up Answer
International System of Unit
In 1960 a worldwide committee agreed on a hard and fast of definitions and requirements to explain the bodily portions The gadget that changed into installed is referred to as the gadget worldwide (SI) The gadget worldwide is shaped from 3 types of unit
(1) Base devices
(2) Supplementary devices
(3) Derived devices
Standard definitions of base devices
(i) Meter
The distance traveled via way of means of mild in the vacuum all through a time of 1/299.792 458 seconds (1) Kilogram
It is described because the mass of a Platinum (90%) and iridium (10%) alloy cylinder 3. nine cm in diameter and 39 cm in top Kept on the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France This mass general changed into installed in 1901
(ii) Second
The length wherein the outermost electron of the cesium 133 atoms makes 9192631770 vibrations
Kelvin
It is the fraction 1/273 sixteen of the thermodynamics temperature of the triple factor of water
Ampere
The unit of electrical cutting-edge is ampere It is that steady cutting-edge which if maintained in immediately parallel conductors of the endless duration of negligible round cross-phase and located a meter of duration
Candela
The unit of luminous depth is candela It is described because the luminous depth withinside the perpendicular course of a floor of 1/60000 rectangular meter of a black frame radiator on the solidification temperature of platinum below general atmospheric pressure
(vii) Mole
The mole is the quantity of substance of a gadget that incorporates as many fundamental entities as there are atoms is zero.012 kg if carbon 12 one mole of any substance incorporates 6.0225 x 10 entities
(2) Supplementary Units
The devices which might be neither base devices nor derived devices are referred to as supplementary devices They are
- Plane perspective
- The strong perspective
Standard Definitions of Supplementary Units
(i) Radian
It is the plant perspective among radii of a circle which reduce off at the circumference an arc same in duration to the radius of the circle It is proven in figure
(ii) Steradian
It is the strong perspective (3-dimensional perspective) subtended on the middle of the field and the region of its floor same to the rectangular radius of the field.
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